Technical Doors: Varieties, Components, Installation And Operation Features

2024 Author: Bailey Albertson | [email protected]. Last modified: 2024-01-17 22:26

Technical doors - types and features of installation

Each door in the room must be suitable for its purpose. The front door combines strength and beauty, embodying the reliability and taste of the owner, and the interior - functionality and decorative qualities.

Content

• 1 What is hidden behind technical doors

  • 1.1 Photo gallery: types of technical doors
  • 1.2 Features of technical doors

• 2 Features of the internal structure and equipment

  • 2.1 Input
  • 2.2 Internal
  • 2.3 Insulated

  • 2.4 Glass

    2.4.1 Photo gallery: design of technical glass doors

  • 2.5 Reinforced safe doors

• 3 Installing the door

  3.1 Video: mounting a steel door

• 4 Service and repair
• 5 Video: how to choose an entrance door

• 6 Components and fittings

  • 6.1 Handles
  • 6.2 Loops
  • 6.3 Heavy door closer
  • 6.4 Armor plates to protect locks
  • 6.5 Door eyes
  • 6.6 Shut-off devices
• 7 Consumer reviews of technical doors

What is hidden behind technical doors

The name "technical doors" is self-explanatory. This term is applied to devices that restrict access to various technical areas:

• attics and basements in residential and industrial buildings;
• warehouses, boiler rooms and laundry rooms;
• entrance and vestibule rooms, metro, shops, offices, garages;
• industrial buildings and long corridors of non-residential public buildings;
• laboratory, technical premises with a limited visiting regime and industrial refrigerators (refrigeration rooms).

Separately, it should be noted the doors leading to the safe offices of banks and weapons rooms, in the design of which there are a number of features.

Photo gallery: types of technical doors

At the main entrances from the street to a large building, a metal door with a combination lock is installed

Revolving entrance door scrolls inside the outer structure, dividing the flow of people

Fire doors can withstand high temperatures, sometimes they are equipped with an insert made of fire resistant glass

A glass door in a metal lattice is placed at the central entrance to a large public building and is its decoration

The armored inner door is equipped with a large number of locks, its structure is reinforced with a sheet of bulletproof metal

The swing doors at the metro entrance are equipped with a mechanism that allows them to be opened in two directions

Although this term for the general designation of doors is absent in GOSTs and SNiPs, the type of product itself is actively produced, meeting the requirements of the time.

Features of technical doors

The designs of door leaves directly depend on the purpose. Less attention is paid to the exterior design than to the functional qualities. The technical modules have the following tasks:

• to be durable - door frames are installed on anchor bolts, and the door leafs are equipped with additional stiffening ribs. The number and design of locks is agreed with the consumer;
• be resistant to aggressive factors: hacking attempts, exposure to chemically active substances or high / low temperatures;
• to meet individual customer requests: for example, the main leaf is additionally equipped with a lattice sash; a glass window, peephole or transfer tray is cut into the module.

Technical doors are often made with double doors so that you can use the entire opening for transporting large items or when people are crowding out.

In non-residential public buildings, glass doors are installed for a better view of the premises and traffic safety on both sides

To improve the appearance, the outer part of the structure is painted with powder paint, but most often ordinary nitro-enamel dyes are used, giving the doors an ascetic look.

Metal door leaves are usually made deaf (without inserts) and with soundproofing capabilities

To avoid the constant rumble of metal doors, closers are installed on them, and the joints are equipped with elastic gaskets. Reliable locks protect against burglary attempts: in special cases, a system of four or six crossbars made of high-strength steel is used.

Features of the internal structure and equipment

Technical doors are manufactured with certain qualities depending on the purpose, which allows them to be classified according to a number of characteristics.

Entrance doors are reinforced with additional stiffeners, which improves their security qualities

Input

Metal modules for entrance doors consist of the following main components:

• a door frame made of a curved profile with a thickness of at least 40 mm. It is made U-shaped or in the form of a closed rectangular contour. In the first case, it is completed with an additional threshold;
• door leaf with installed locks in the amount of two or more pieces;
• stiffening ribs in the amount of at least three, made in different directions;
• two metal sheets - they are both attached to the frame by welding;
• anchor bolts for mounting the module in the opening;
• large one-piece hinges: for heavy products, installation is made on three or more hinges;
• anti-removable blade blocker;
• internal valve, inaccessible to the outside;
• an armor plate made of strong steel up to 5 millimeters thick is installed under the outer cladding at the location of the locks;
• a layer of insulation located inside the canvas. For it, foam, mineral wool, polyurethane foam and any other materials for a similar purpose are used. In order for the front door to perform fire-fighting functions, it is better to use basalt wool for insulation;
• elastic seal along the edge of the porch.

Entrance doors in public places are equipped with a closing softener.

The closer promotes soft closing of the door, protecting it and passing people from damage

The outer surface of the door can be decorated with decorative trim. The security class of the front door must be at least fourth. The cost of such models varies between 12-30 thousand rubles.

Internal

Indoor doors are characterized by a simplified design and decoration, since they do not need to withstand the onslaught of external forces and experience large temperature fluctuations. But they have other tasks. Tambour blocks are made with insulation and noise protection.

A blind door can separate different rooms of one building or serve as an entrance to a gallery from one building to another

Doors in the archive rooms must be made fireproof.

Doors for archival rooms must comply with the main requirement - to be fireproof, in order to prevent fire from spreading to neighboring rooms in case of fire

Double-sided interior doors are popular: opening in both directions. They are installed in crowded aisles.

Interior doors are coated with nitro enamel or hammer paint. Office doors are an exception: decorative trim is used for them.

The wide door allows the movement of bulky goods

At objects subject to commissioning, it is customary to install simple temporary doors made of chipboard or fiberboard. Replacement is the responsibility of the purchaser.

Insulated

Such doors are needed to clearly separate the two environments and maintain a stable temperature in the room. Therefore, in addition to strong outer sheets, they are supplied with a layer of thermal protection: the inner space of the web is filled with a porous material of low thermal conductivity.

The metal door is supplied with a thick layer of insulation, which simultaneously acts as a sound insulator

Various materials are used as insulation:

• mineral slag wool - with all its positive properties, it is hygroscopic: it absorbs moisture and slides down under the weight. As a result, in winter, the metal entrance door becomes covered with condensation and loses its heat-shielding properties up to freezing;

  

  Foam plates are produced in different thicknesses, which is convenient for insulating metal entrance doors

• foam - a porous plate material with excellent thermal insulation properties, is not afraid of moisture. Disadvantages: Inevitable formation of gaps during installation and fire hazard. Therefore, it is better to insulate metal doors at the entrance to the room with foam;

  

  It is good to insulate the doors inside the heated entrance with mineral slag

• corrugated board is an inexpensive material with excellent heat-shielding and sound-insulating properties. The disadvantage is a complete loss of the necessary qualities when wet from air moisture and condensate;
• expanded polystyrene - similar in protective properties to mineral wool, but with insufficient soundproofing properties;
• foamed polyurethanes, izolon, polypropylene are the best materials for thermal insulation. Disadvantage: fire hazard;

• foil basalt wool is a fibrous material: it perfectly insulates and practically does not absorb moisture. It is used as a fire-resistant interlayer in fire-retardant door blocks.

  

  The best insulation for a door is foil-reinforced basalt wool

But all efforts to save heat may be in vain if no thermal breaks are installed in the outer door. In severe frosts, such a door will not protect from the cold. Therefore, in the manufacture of the frame of the canvas, the outer side is made larger in size so that the insulated door completely overlaps the opening, partially entering the door frame from all sides. So the cold bridges are interrupted, the door does not freeze.

The gaps between the wall and the box must be foamed and closed so that the polyurethane foam does not lose its qualities after drying

Glass

The production of an entrance technical door with glass can pursue the following goals:

• control the situation through a closed door;
• let daylight into the room through a transparent barrier, illuminating the hallway;
• decorate the entrance with a glass insert equipped with a decorative grill.

The glass sheet of the interior doors performs the same function. In rooms with limited access, such a door is easier to monitor. For the same purpose, viewing eyes are used.

Photo gallery: design of technical glass doors

Forged elements on the glazed door give it charm and, as if calling to look inside

Stained glass doors ennoble the room and fill it with a fabulous color glow

For the door leading to the exit from a public space, functionality is important, therefore it is simple to perform, but equipped with the necessary elements

A simple vestibule door made of plastic double-glazed windows does not need a reinforced structure

The door at the entrance to the public area is equipped with large armored glass inserts

An aluminum door to the entrance of a serious guarded building is equipped with a window so that you can monitor the situation on the street

Reinforced safe doors

For the installation of safe-type doors, bent or welded boxes made of metal sheet 4 mm thick are used. Fastening is carried out at 4 points in height on each side and at 3 points above and below. Safe doors are used in serious premises, where their installation is required for a number of reasons. These include:

• cash offices where funds are stored or safe deposit boxes of bank customers are located;
• weapon rooms;
• warehouses for storing ammunition and explosives.

For some rooms, door blocks are made in a reinforced version:

• a sheet with a thickness of 5 mm or more is used, a high-strength steel protection against sawing is installed on the locks;
• are hung on at least three hinges of a reinforced structure on support bearings;
• fire-fighting internal insulation made of asbestos sheets is installed, a gasket against the penetration of smoke is installed along the contour of the abutment of the canvas to the box;
• given the large weight of the structure, the door mechanism is equipped with an electric drive with a closer;
• special locking devices of two types are used - lever and crossbar (a system of levers of 5–6 round crossbars along the perimeter of the junction). The door is completed with an internal latch.

Safe doors of reinforced construction are made of stainless steel sheet or alloyed (no welding).

Reinforced safe doors with multiple bolt locks are used for restricted areas

Door installation

The technology for installing doors of all designs is the same. But there are features for installing a heavy technical door. For example, the number of fasteners for anchor bolts, the number and size of hinges, etc., depends on the weight of the door block.

In any case, you need to follow the sequence of actions:

1. Separate the door leaf from the frame.
2. Dismantle the old door.

3. Check the conformity of the doorway to the dimensions of the frame of the new door, if necessary, adjust by expanding the opening.

   

   The quality of the installed door will depend on the accuracy and correctness of the measurements.

4. Install the door frame: drill holes in the end of the wall and secure with appropriately sized reinforced steel pins. Depending on the weight of the door, rods with a diameter of 10–16 mm and a length of up to 25 cm are used.

   

   It is necessary to screw each fastening part of the metal door frame to the wall

5. Check the correctness and verticality of the installation, check the equality of the diagonals in order to avoid skewing the canvas in the box.

   

   At each stage, it is necessary to check with the building level the correct installation of the box vertically and horizontally so that the canvas fits exactly into its frames

6. Hang the web, check the uniformity of the gaps along the contact contour, adjust if necessary.

   

   Checking the hanging of the canvas is done before the complete and final foaming of the gaps, so that you can correct the parts of the box that are not exactly fixed

7. Seal the gap between the box and the wall with polyurethane foam. If a door with fire protection functions is being installed, a special silicone filler must be used as a seal.

   

   To install a technical door, you need to take foam with minimal expansion: it lies flat and does not press on the box

8. Stick the sealing tape along the contour of the door leaf to the box.
9. Check the functionality of the locks.
10. Make bevels in the opening and design the appearance of the space around the door.
11. Install the attachments and fittings.

The process of installing a technical door can take up to a day due to the curing time of the polyurethane foam. During this period, horizontal wooden struts are inserted between the uprights to avoid deformation of the uprights inward. The number of spacers is at least two.

Video: mounting a steel door

Maintenance and repair

Technical doors are actively used, which accelerates the wear of the hinges. Therefore, such units need constant lubrication with machine oil. This operation is unnecessary if closed-type thrust bearings are used in the hinges.

It is also necessary to follow other rules for using technical doors:

• regularly wipe the surface from dust and dirt;
• promptly remove ice that prevents the free movement of the web;
• inspect locks in order to detect signs of burglary;
• control the completeness of closing the door without gaps;
• periodically replace the sealing strips as they wear out;
• control the places where the door frame adjoins the wall: the presence of cracks indicates that the door frame is loosening and the need to strengthen this unit.

Sometimes a lot of shortcomings after long-term operation lead to the need for overhaul of the door up to its complete replacement. Therefore, preventive measures can significantly extend the service life.

It is necessary to carry out timely repair of the technical door immediately upon detection of malfunctions, so that later you do not have to completely change the design

The main reasons for forced repairs are:

• replacement of decorative cladding or cladding as a result of wear or damage;

• restoration or replacement of locking devices: latches, bolts or crossbars;

  

  Replacing the secret mechanism in the technical door is carried out by opening the door

• repair of door leaves with reinforcement of the cladding in place of locks with the installation of additional protection;
• replacement of the seal at the junction, repair of sound insulation and heat-shielding layer;
• elimination of skew or sagging of the door leaf;
• installation or replacement of a door peephole or door closers.

When installing and repairing technical doors, the following tools are used:

• drill with perforator - for drilling holes in the wall;
• sledgehammer - for driving pins;
• a set of screwdrivers or a screwdriver - for working with screw fasteners when installing and replacing locks;
• mobile welding machine for electric arc welding - if the need arises;
• measuring tool: tape measures, squares, plumb lines, levels;
• a special tool for opening locks when the locking mechanism is jammed;
• Bulgarian - for emergency opening of doors in emergency situations.

In the arsenal of repairmen there should be a wide variety of tools, because it is not known what may be needed during restoration work.

Video: how to choose an entrance door

Components and fittings

Entrance doors in a residential area should be not only reliable, but also beautiful. Therefore, the fittings are selected according to the character and wishes of the owners of the house.

Pens

Handles for technical doors are made of metals and alloys, taking into account the operating conditions. Design is valued along with durability in door handles. Italian, Spanish and Turkish manufacturers pay more attention to design, while domestic, German and Finnish manufacturers prefer reliability and durability.

Strong and durable metal handles are suitable for technical doors

The following handle designs are typical:

• push-type - universal, working with any type of locks: when pressed, the latch is pulled into the door leaf;
• nobs are in the shape of a ball: it must be rotated so that the latch disengages. More often used on interior doors;

• stationary - monolithic metal or with self-tapping screws: they have no connection with the lock, they serve only for opening. They are installed on doors in entrances, basements or utility rooms.

  

  The stationary handle is attached to a wooden technical door and serves only for opening

When choosing door handles, the weight of the canvas must be taken into account.

Hinges

The number of hinges on a metal door depends on its weight. Loops differ in their structure and are of three types:

• simple - consist of a sleeve with a blind hole and a pin. Plates for fastening are welded to these parts; are used for hanging light doors (up to 70 kg), and on heavy ones they wear out quickly;
• with a support ball - in them, the axis rests on the ball, which ensures soft rotation; durable, installed on doors weighing up to 150 kg;

• with support bearing - mounted on heavy structures weighing over 150 kg.

  

  The choice of hinges for a metal door depends on its weight and is carried out by a specialist individually for each structure

It is possible to install hidden hinges - they are not accessible when the door is closed.

When the door is closed, the internal hinges become inaccessible for breaking or damage

The main criterion for choosing hinges should be their ability to withstand repeated loads during operation, taking into account the weight of the canvas and the requirements for the degree of protection of the room.

Closer for heavy doors

It is a mechanism designed for smooth opening / closing. It is installed on steel cross-country doors in order to get rid of the constant metal knocking. The device increases the service life of the doors. Many models of door closers do not work well in cold weather, so they are used on the entrance doors to an apartment or on internal office structures. The use of hydraulic or pneumatic devices is limited by ambient temperature conditions.

Closer mechanism allows you to smoothly and without knocking close a heavy door

Armor plates to protect locks

The pads are made of alloy materials and are used for additional protection against burglary. Mortise armor plates are mounted in special recesses and screwed inside the canvas. Overhead models are installed as additional protection after door installation.

Armor plates make it difficult for unauthorized opening of locks, which is important for technical doors

Door eyes

These devices are needed to control the external space, they are installed on blank door leaves. Viewing angle from 120 to 180 degrees. Available in metal and plastic cases.

Door eyes allow you to see the space behind the door: this view is enough to determine the danger or safety of the situation

The main criterion when choosing eyes for a door is the viewing angle. A simple device is enough in the house, but for public places it is better to have the possibility of video surveillance and recording.

The device provides full control over the outdoor space with the possibility of video recording of the situation

Locking devices

There are three types of locks:

• invoices - attached to the door from the inside: the mechanism is placed in a metal case, the keyhole is brought out through the canvas;

  

  Surface lock is located on the inside of the door and allows you to close and open the door without a key

• hinged - installed in specially welded hinges. Aesthetically imperfect and unbreakable;

  

  The padlock is hung outside the technical room and is considered the most vulnerable to burglary.

• mortise - inserted into the door leaf during the manufacture of the door or after its installation in the door frame.

  

  Mortise locks are more difficult to install, but more reliable in operation

Usually, several locks are installed in the door. The lower one is a lever type, sometimes with an additional locking element. For the top, a transom lock is used. An internal latch is also a means of protection.

Consumer feedback on technical doors

The first doors on earth appeared when the cave dweller guessed to fence off the annoying cold with a skin. Much time has passed, and the ways to organize comfort in your home have been constantly improving. The man tried to protect the house from outside interference. Over time, the idea of living comfort and safety merged together, as a result of which door devices appeared, which took an important place in our lives.